Hookworms are soil-transmitted human parasites that can survive and multiply in the small intestine for years. | Hookworm infection. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2, 16089 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2016.89
Hookworms are soil-transmitted nematode parasites that can reside for many years in the small intestine of their human hosts; Necator americanus is the predominant infecting species. Adult worms feed on the blood of a host and can cause iron deficiency anaemia, especially in high-risk populations (children and women of childbearing age). Almost 500 million people in developing tropical countries are infected, and simulation models estimate that hookworm infection is responsible for >4 million disability-adjusted life years lost annually. Humans mount an immune response to hookworms, but it is mostly unsuccessful at removing adult worms from the bowel. Accordingly, the host switches to an immune-tolerant state that enables hookworms to reside in the gut for many years. Although anthelmintic drugs are available and widely used, their efficacy varies and the drugs do not prevent reinfection. Thus, other control strategies aimed at improving water quality, sanitation and hygiene are needed. | Hookworm infection. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2, 16089 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2016.89