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Mitral stenosis (MS) is the narrowing of the mitral valve orifice, resulting in obstruction to blood flow from the left atrium (LA) to the left ventricle (LV) during diastole. This leads to increased LA pressure, pulmonary venous hypertension, and eventually right-sided heart failure.
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The normal mitral valve on the left and with mitral stenosis on the right. Note the characteristic features of mitral valve leaflet thickening, restricted mobility (classic hockey stick configuration, subvalvular shortening and thickening, and calcification of the leaflets) seen in rheumatic heart disease. The left atrium is dilated; with mitral stenosis and atrial fibrillation there is commonly blood stasis, sometimes seen as swirling contrast by echo (spontaneous echo contrast).
Turi ZG. Cardiology patient page. Mitral valve disease. Turi Z. Circulation 2004, 109:e38-e41.
| Type | Causes |
|---|---|
| Rheumatic | Most common cause worldwide (post-rheumatic valve leaflet thickening, commissural fusion) |
| Congenital | Rare (e.g., parachute mitral valve, supravalvular ring) |
| Degenerative | Senile calcific changes (rare) |
| Others | Radiation-induced valvulopathy, systemic lupus erythematosus (rare) |