Open Reduction and Internal Fixation (ORIF)

(Surgical stabilization technique for displaced or unstable fractures)

Definition

Open Reduction and Internal Fixation (ORIF) is a surgical procedure performed to anatomically realign fractured bone fragments (open reduction) and stabilize them with internal fixation devices (plates, screws, rods, or wires) to maintain alignment during healing.

This approach ensures precise restoration of anatomy, early mobilization, and prevention of malunion or non-union, especially in complex or unstable fractures.

Principle

The ORIF technique is based on the AO (Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen) principles of fracture fixation, which include:

1. Anatomic Reduction — restoration of bone alignment and joint congruity.
2. Stable Fixation — using internal hardware to maintain reduction during healing.
3. Preservation of Blood Supply — minimizing soft tissue trauma to enhance osteogenesis.
4. Early and Safe Mobilization — allowing functional recovery and preventing stiffness.

Procedure Overview

1. Open Reduction

• The fracture site is surgically exposed through an appropriate incision.
• Hematoma and debris are cleared.
• Bone fragments are manually or instrumentally realigned under direct visualization.
• In intra-articular fractures, meticulous reduction is performed to restore joint surfaces.