<aside>
Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) is a progressive condition characterized by impaired venous return due to valvular incompetence, venous obstruction, or muscle pump failure, leading to venous hypertension, edema, skin changes, and possibly ulceration.
</aside>
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XvSqZJhKUTo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fpiyGin5nGk&pp=wgIGCgQQAhgB
| Primary CVI | Secondary CVI |
|---|---|
| Valvular reflux (e.g. congenital or idiopathic) | Post-thrombotic syndrome (deep vein thrombosis) |
| Congenital vein malformations (Klippel–Trénaunay syndrome) | Obstructive lesions (e.g. iliac vein compression in May-Thurner syndrome) |
| Superficial vein reflux (e.g. great saphenous vein) | AV malformations |
| Symptoms | Signs |
|---|---|
| Leg heaviness or aching (worse with prolonged standing) | Edema (ankle or lower leg) |
| Night cramps or restless legs | Varicose veins |
| Burning, throbbing, or itching | Hyperpigmentation (hemosiderin staining) |
| Relief on leg elevation | Lipodermatosclerosis, atrophie blanche |
| Ulcers (especially near the medial malleolus) | Venous eczema (stasis dermatitis) |
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2019.12.075
| Category | Meaning |
|---|---|
| C – Clinical | C0 to C6 (from no signs to active ulcers) |
| E – Etiology | Congenital, primary, secondary (e.g., post-thrombotic) |
| A – Anatomy | Superficial, deep, perforator veins |
| P – Pathophysiology | Reflux, obstruction, or both |